<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en"><generator uri="https://jekyllrb.com/" version="4.4.1">Jekyll</generator><link href="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/feed.xml" rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" /><link href="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/" rel="alternate" type="text/html" hreflang="en" /><updated>2026-10-25T15:21:02+07:00</updated><id>https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/feed.xml</id><title type="html">Wahyu Pebrianto</title><entry xml:lang="id"><title type="html">LLM, Reasoning Model, AI Agent, dan Agent Harness: Empat Konsep Sistem AI Modern</title><link href="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/llm-reasoning-agent-harness/" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="LLM, Reasoning Model, AI Agent, dan Agent Harness: Empat Konsep Sistem AI Modern" /><published>2026-10-24T20:49:00+07:00</published><updated>2026-10-24T20:49:00+07:00</updated><id>https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/llm-reasoning-agent-harness</id><content type="html" xml:base="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/llm-reasoning-agent-harness/"><![CDATA[<p>Model bahasa besar (<em>large language model</em>, LLM) mampu mengikuti instruksi dan menghasilkan teks yang koheren. Namun, tugas nyata seperti memperbaiki <em>bug</em> atau mengerjakan proyek perangkat lunak lintas sesi membutuhkan lebih dari itu. Tulisan ini merangkum empat konsep yang sering muncul pada sistem AI modern: <strong>LLM</strong>, <strong>reasoning model</strong>, <strong>AI agent</strong>, dan <strong>agent harness</strong>.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Keempatnya bukan empat lapisan yang setara atau tahapan wajib. <em>Reasoning model</em> merupakan jenis LLM; <em>agent</em> menggunakan model dan <em>tools</em>; sedangkan <em>harness</em> mengelola komponen pendukungnya. Batas antaristilah dapat tumpang tindih, dan penggunaan istilah <em>agent harness</em> saat artikel ini ditulis masih berkembang.</p>
</blockquote>

<h2 id="1-llm-dan-reasoning-model">1. LLM dan Reasoning Model</h2>

<p>LLM generatif menghasilkan respons dengan memprediksi token berikutnya berdasarkan konteks. <em>Reasoning model</em> dioptimalkan untuk tugas yang menuntut penalaran bertahap. Kemampuannya dapat didukung oleh <em>reinforcement learning</em> (RL) saat pelatihan dan komputasi tambahan saat inferensi (<em>test-time compute</em>). Mengingat penalaran bertahap, proses penalaran internalnya tidak selalu ditampilkan kepada pengguna. Berikut adalah beberapa point temuan yang telah dilaporkan:</p>

<ul>
  <li>OpenAI melaporkan bahwa kinerja o1 meningkat seiring lebih banyak RL saat pelatihan dan lebih banyak waktu berpikir saat inferensi <a href="#ref-1">[1]</a>.</li>
  <li>Snell dkk. menunjukkan bahwa komputasi inferensi dapat dialokasikan secara adaptif. Pada kondisi komputasi setara (<em>FLOPs-matched</em>) dan masalah yang tingkat keberhasilan model kecilnya tidak terlalu rendah, model kecil dengan tambahan komputasi inferensi dapat mengungguli model 14 kali lebih besar <a href="#ref-2">[2]</a>.</li>
  <li>DeepSeek-R1-Zero dilatih dengan RL berskala besar tanpa <em>supervised fine-tuning</em> (SFT) awal, sedangkan DeepSeek-R1 menambahkan pelatihan multitahap dan data <em>cold-start</em>. Penulisnya melaporkan kinerja R1 sebanding dengan OpenAI-o1-1217 pada tugas penalaran yang mereka evaluasi, bukan keunggulan universal <a href="#ref-3">[3]</a>.</li>
</ul>

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<figcaption id="fig1-cap"><strong>Gambar 1.</strong> Perbandingan konseptual: (a) LLM umum menjawab langsung; (b) reasoning model dapat menalar dan memakai komputasi inferensi tambahan sebelum menjawab.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Penalaran yang kuat belum memberi model akses ke dunia luar. Untuk membaca repositori, menjalankan tes, atau membuka situs web, model memerlukan <em>tools</em> dan lingkungan eksekusi.</p>

<h2 id="2-ai-agent">2. AI Agent</h2>

<p>Anthropic membedakan <em>workflow</em>, yaitu LLM dan <em>tools</em> yang diorkestrasi lewat alur yang sudah ditentukan, dari <em>agent</em>, yaitu sistem yang LLM-nya mengarahkan sendiri proses dan penggunaan <em>tools</em>-nya, dengan memperoleh “ground truth” dari lingkungan pada setiap langkah <a href="#ref-4">[4]</a>. Siklus sederhananya adalah <strong>Reason → Act → Observe</strong>: menalar, bertindak, mengamati, lalu mengulang sampai tugas selesai atau batas percobaan tercapai.</p>

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<figcaption id="fig2-cap"><strong>Gambar 2.</strong> Siklus Reason → Act → Observe: hasil tindakan (<em>observation</em>) menjadi masukan bagi langkah penalaran berikutnya.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Dalam <em>debugging</em>, misalnya, agent membaca <em>codebase</em>, menjalankan tes, memeriksa log <em>error</em>, mengusulkan perbaikan, lalu menguji ulang. Pola ini berkaitan dengan <strong>ReAct</strong>, yang menyisipkan jejak penalaran dan tindakan secara bergantian sehingga hasil dari lingkungan memengaruhi langkah berikutnya <a href="#ref-5">[5]</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>Catatan: Tidak semua implementasi agent mengikuti ReAct secara persis.</p>
</blockquote>

<h2 id="3-agent-harness">3. Agent Harness</h2>

<p>Tugas panjang menimbulkan masalah tambahan. <em>Context window</em> terbatas, sesi baru tidak otomatis mewarisi informasi dari sesi sebelumnya, dan hasil kerja perlu diperiksa, bukan sekadar dinyatakan selesai oleh agent.</p>

<p><em>Agent harness</em> adalah perangkat lunak pendukung yang mengatur interaksi agent dengan <em>tools</em> dan lingkungan, termasuk pengelolaan konteks, <em>state</em>, izin, dan verifikasi. Anthropic menyebut Claude Agent SDK sebagai <em>general-purpose agent harness</em> dan menegaskan bahwa <em>compaction</em> saja tidak cukup untuk menangani tugas panjang <a href="#ref-6">[6]</a>. Untuk keperluan tulisan ini, peran harness dirangkum dalam tiga area:</p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>Konteks dan <em>state</em>:</strong> membantu agent mengetahui apa yang sudah dikerjakan, misalnya lewat berkas progres, daftar fitur, dan riwayat Git.</li>
  <li><strong><em>Guardrails</em>:</strong> membatasi izin dan tindakan, serta menentukan aturan pemulihan atau <em>retry</em> saat terjadi kegagalan.</li>
  <li><strong>Verifikasi:</strong> memeriksa hasil, misalnya dengan menjalankan tes, sebelum pekerjaan dianggap selesai.</li>
</ul>

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<figcaption id="fig3-cap"><strong>Gambar 3.</strong> Secara konseptual, harness mengelola model, tools, konteks dan state, guardrails, serta verifikasi hasil.</figcaption>
</figure>

<h3 id="contoh-1-dua-peran-agent-dari-anthropic">Contoh 1: dua peran agent dari Anthropic</h3>

<p>Anthropic mengidentifikasi dua pola kegagalan pada <em>coding agent</em> yang bekerja melintasi banyak <em>context window</em>, meski menggunakan <em>compaction</em>. Pertama, agent mengambil terlalu banyak pekerjaan hingga konteks habis sebelum implementasi selesai. Kedua, agent pada sesi berikutnya melihat progres yang sudah ada lalu keliru menyimpulkan bahwa proyek telah selesai <a href="#ref-6">[6]</a>.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Catatan: Temuan ini berasal dari eksperimen tim mereka, bukan berarti semua agent selalu gagal dengan cara yang sama.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Solusinya membagi pekerjaan menjadi dua peran:</p>

<ol>
  <li><strong>Initializer agent</strong> (sesi pertama) menyiapkan lingkungan: skrip <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">init.sh</code>, berkas <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">claude-progress.txt</code>, daftar fitur terstruktur dalam berkas JSON yang awalnya berstatus <em>failing</em>, serta <em>initial Git commit</em>.</li>
  <li><strong>Coding agent</strong> (sesi berikutnya) mengerjakan satu fitur per sesi, mengujinya (termasuk secara <em>end-to-end</em>), lalu membuat <em>commit</em> dan menulis catatan progres untuk sesi selanjutnya.</li>
</ol>

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<figcaption id="fig4-cap"><strong>Gambar 4.</strong> Artefak di disk menjembatani sesi baru yang tidak otomatis membawa seluruh konteks sebelumnya.</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>Kedua peran hanya dibedakan berdasarkan <em>prompt</em> awal, sedangkan <em>system prompt</em>, <em>tools</em>, dan harness yang digunakan tetap sama <a href="#ref-6">[6]</a>. Karena itu, pola ini lebih tepat dipahami sebagai pembagian tugas antarsesi, bukan bukti bahwa sistem harus menggunakan beberapa agent. Anthropic juga mencatat bahwa efektivitas satu agent serbaguna dibandingkan beberapa agent khusus, misalnya untuk <em>quality assurance</em>, masih menjadi pertanyaan terbuka <a href="#ref-6">[6]</a>.</p>

<h3 id="contoh-2-pengalaman-openai-dengan-codex">Contoh 2: pengalaman OpenAI dengan Codex</h3>

<p>OpenAI melaporkan membangun produk beta internal dengan “0 lines of manually-written code”: seluruh kodenya ditulis agent Codex <a href="#ref-7">[7]</a>. Kemajuan awal lebih lambat dari perkiraan karena lingkungan belum terdefinisi cukup; agent belum memiliki <em>tools</em>, abstraksi, dan struktur internal yang dibutuhkan. Pelajaran utamanya adalah merancang lingkungan, memperjelas maksud, dan membangun <em>feedback loop</em>. Penulisnya juga mengingatkan bahwa hasil itu bergantung pada <em>tooling</em> repositori mereka dan belum tentu berlaku tanpa investasi serupa <a href="#ref-7">[7]</a>.</p>

<p>Kedua contoh di atas adalah laporan pengalaman perusahaan, bukan studi komparatif independen. Meski demikian, keduanya sejalan: keberhasilan agent tidak hanya ditentukan kemampuan model, tetapi juga pada lingkungan eksekusi, pengelolaan konteks, pembatasan tindakan, dan verifikasi hasil.</p>

<h2 id="4-ringkasan">4. Ringkasan</h2>

<ul>
  <li>LLM berperan sebagai fondasi model bahasa untuk memahami konteks dan menghasilkan teks.</li>
  <li>Reasoning model sebagai LLM yang dioptimalkan untuk penalaran bertahap, terkadang dengan komputasi inferensi tambahan.</li>
  <li>AI agent sebagai model dan <em>tools</em> dalam siklus tindakan serta umpan balik dari lingkungan.</li>
  <li>Agent harness sebagai perangkat lunak yang mengatur konteks, <em>state</em>, izin, dan verifikasi agar agent lebih andal pada tugas panjang.</li>
</ul>

<p>Kualitas model penting, tetapi lingkungan eksekusi, pengelolaan konteks, batas tindakan, dan verifikasi hasil juga menentukan keandalan sistem.</p>

<h2 id="referensi">Referensi</h2>

<p><a id="ref-1"></a>
<strong>[1]</strong> OpenAI, “Learning to reason with LLMs,” OpenAI, Sep. 12, 2024.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/">https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-2"></a>
<strong>[2]</strong> C. Snell, J. Lee, K. Xu, and A. Kumar, “Scaling LLM test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters,” arXiv:2408.03314, Aug. 2024.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03314">https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03314</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-3"></a>
<strong>[3]</strong> DeepSeek-AI <em>et al.</em>, “DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning,” arXiv:2501.12948, Jan. 2025. Versi jurnal: <em>Nature</em>, vol. 645, pp. 633–638, 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09422-z.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12948">https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12948</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-4"></a>
<strong>[4]</strong> E. Schluntz and B. Zhang, “Building effective agents,” Anthropic, Dec. 19, 2024.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/research/building-effective-agents">https://www.anthropic.com/research/building-effective-agents</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-5"></a>
<strong>[5]</strong> S. Yao <em>et al.</em>, “ReAct: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models,” in <em>Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)</em>, 2023, arXiv:2210.03629.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629">https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-6"></a>
<strong>[6]</strong> J. Young, “Effective harnesses for long-running agents,” Anthropic, Nov. 26, 2025.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/effective-harnesses-for-long-running-agents">https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/effective-harnesses-for-long-running-agents</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-7"></a>
<strong>[7]</strong> R. Lopopolo, “Harness engineering: Leveraging Codex in an agent-first world,” OpenAI, Feb. 11, 2026.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/">https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/</a></p>]]></content><author><name>Wahyu Pebrianto</name></author><category term="Generative AI" /><category term="llm" /><category term="reasoning-model" /><category term="ai-agent" /><category term="agent-harness" /><summary type="html"><![CDATA[Peta ringkas empat konsep sistem AI modern (LLM, reasoning model, AI agent, dan agent harness): peran, cara kerja, dan rujukannya.]]></summary></entry><entry xml:lang="id"><title type="html">Membawa Model Deep Learning ke Produksi dengan FastAI, Gradio dan Hugging Face</title><link href="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/deployment-model-fastai-gradio-huggingface/" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Membawa Model Deep Learning ke Produksi dengan FastAI, Gradio dan Hugging Face" /><published>2024-05-15T13:26:00+07:00</published><updated>2024-05-15T13:26:00+07:00</updated><id>https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/deployment-model-fastai-gradio-huggingface</id><content type="html" xml:base="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/deployment-model-fastai-gradio-huggingface/"><![CDATA[<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>Tujuan utama blog ini yaitu memberi anda panduan singkat untuk melakukan deployment model deep learning dengan fastAI, Gradio di Hugging Face. Penting untuk anda mengetahui bahwa penerapan deep learning bukan sekedar berlama-lama pada proses mengumpulkan data, melatih, dan mengevaluasi model. Akan tetapi kita juga perlu tau bagaimana proses iterasi End-to-End untuk membantu kita memahami gambaran proses yang bermuara ke produksi.</p>

<p>Dalam panduan singkat ini, Anda akan menerapkan deep learning pada contoh tugas computer vision: image classification/recognition.
Anda akan memanfaatkan data yang telah dikumpulkan oleh para peneliti yang biasanya mereka sediakan secara online untuk tujuan pengembangan di bidang penelitian.
Dalam hal ini anda akan menggunakan data The Oxford-IIIT Pet sebanyak 7.349 kumpulan data gambar pada 37 kategori hewan peliharaan dengan sekitar 200 gambar untuk setiap kelas, yang berasal dari hasil riset universitas Oxford <a href="https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/pets/">[1]</a>.
Dalam segi Model, Anda akan memanfaatkan pre-trained model ResNet-50 <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7780459">[2]</a> yang telah dilatih dengan data skala besar ImageNet <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5206848">[3]</a> dan kita lakukan fine-tuning ke data Oxford-IIIT Pet. Untuk Interface, Anda akan menggunakan web sebagai user interface dengan memanfaatkan gradio <a href="https://www.gradio.app/">[4]</a>. Sementara untuk proses deployment, Anda akan memanfaatkan Hugging face <a href="https://huggingface.co/">[5]</a>.</p>

<p><strong>Catatan:</strong> di blog ini saya tidak menjelaskan hal-hal fundamental penggunaan teknologi (Contoh: Git, Jupyter notebook, installasi package/kerangka kerja, dsb), juga teori dasar Deep Learning.</p>

<p>Berikut outline blog ini:</p>

<ol>
  <li>Apa itu fastAI?</li>
  <li>Apa itu Hugging Face?</li>
  <li>Proses Systematic:
    <ul>
      <li>Mulai dengan melatih model deep learning (Image Recognition) dengan FastAI,</li>
      <li>Mari kita mempersiapkan gradio,</li>
      <li>Mari kita melakukan deployment model kita ke produksi dengan memanfaatkan Hugging Space</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ol>

<h2 id="apa-itu-fastai">Apa itu FastAI?</h2>
<p>FastAI <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/2/108">[6]</a> adalah kerangka kerja deep learning yang bangun oleh Jeremy Howard dan Rachel Thomas untuk pendekatan praktis dalam penerapan deep learning. Kerangka kerja ini menawarkan hight-level API ke PyTorch dan menawarkan kursus pendampingan untuk membantu siswa dalam menerapkan deep learning dengan mudah. Untuk detail lengkapnya anda bisa membaca di sumber berikut <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/2/108">[6]</a>.</p>

<h2 id="apa-itu-gradio">Apa itu gradio?</h2>
<p>Gradio <a href="https://www.gradio.app/">[4]</a> adalah salah satu package python untuk membantu anda dengan cepat membuat aplikasi web untuk tujuan melakukan deploy model machine learning atau deep learning anda. Jangan kawatir !! selain bersifat open source, gradio benar-benar dapat membantu anda membuat aplikasi web dengan cepat karena fitur bawaan gradio meskipun anda tidak memiliki keterampilan dalam pemograman web.</p>

<h2 id="apa-itu-hugging-face">Apa itu Hugging Face?</h2>
<p>Namanya membuat saya tertarik :D. Hungging Face <a href="https://huggingface.co/">[5]</a>  atau secara umum dikenal sebagai HuggingSpace adalah platform tempat seorang developer juga penggemar AI  dapat membuat, menghosting, dan berbagi aplikasi machine learning/deep learning mereka dengan mudah.</p>

<h2 id="proses-systematic-mulai-melatih-model-deep-learning-image-recognition-dengan-fastai">Proses Systematic: Mulai melatih model deep learning (Image Recognition) dengan FastAI</h2>
<p>Dalam proses ini, Anda tidak perlu kawatir karena anda bisa dengan mudah menjalankannya menggunakan kerangka kerja FastAI sebagaimana jika anda mengikuti kode berikut:</p>

<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="n">fastai.vision.all</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">untar_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">URLs</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">PETS</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">dls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ImageDataLoaders</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">from_name_re</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">get_image_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">images</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">pat</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">(.+)_\d+.jpg</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item_tfms</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nc">Resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">460</span><span class="p">),</span> 
    <span class="n">batch_tfms</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nf">aug_transforms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">min_scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.75</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">learn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">vision_learner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">resnet50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">fine_tune</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nc">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">.</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">export</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>Penjelasan singkat kode di atas:</p>

<ul>
  <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">from fastai.vision.all import *</code>: ini memberi anda akses ke semua kelas yang anda perlukan untuk membuat model computer vision yang disediakan oleh FastAI.</li>
  <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">path = untar_data(URLs.PETS)</code>: melakukan download kumpulan data dari koleksi data fast.ai (jika belum diunduh sebelumnya) ke server Anda, mengekstraknya (jika belum diekstraksi sebelumnya), dan mengembalikan Path objek dengan lokasi yang diekstraksi.</li>
  <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">dls</code>: Merupakan dataLoader anda (didalamnya terdiri dari lokasi data gambar &amp; label, fungsi transform yang berisi script yang diterapkan secara otomatis selama proses training).</li>
  <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">learn</code>:
    <ul>
      <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">vision_learner</code>: fungsi untuk memanggil kelas, yang mana vision_learner juga memiliki parameter pretrained, yang defaultnya adalah True. catatan: Saat menggunakan model yang telah dilatih sebelumnya (pretrained model), vision_learner akan menghapus lapisan terakhir, karena lapisan tersebut selalu disesuaikan secara khusus dengan tugas pelatihan asli (yaitu klasifikasi kumpulan data ImageNet), dan menggantinya dengan satu atau lebih lapisan baru dengan bobot yang random, dengan ukuran yang sesuai untuk kumpulan data Anda saat ini yang kita kenal dengan teknik transfer learning.
        <blockquote>
          <p>Catatan singkat: (Transfer Learning: Menggunakan model yang telah dilatih sebelumnya untuk tugas yang berbeda dengan model yang telah dilatih sebelumnya.).</p>
        </blockquote>
        <ul>
          <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">dls</code>: data apa yang ingin kita latih.</li>
          <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">resnet50</code>: kita memberi tahu kearngka kerja untuk membuat Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) dan menentukan arsitektur apa yang akan digunakan (yaitu jenis model apa yang akan dibuat, disini anda menggunakan arsitektur Resnet 50 lapisan).</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">metrics=accuracy</code>: ini memberitahu metrics apa yang akan digunakan.
        <blockquote>
          <p>Catatan singkat: Metrics adalah fungsi yang mengukur kualitas prediksi model menggunakan data set validasi, dan akan ditampilkan pada akhir setiap epoch.</p>
        </blockquote>
      </li>
      <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">learn.fine_tune(1)</code>: kita memberi tahu kerangka kerja cara menyesuaikan model, kita menggunakan fine_tune bukan fit karena kita memanfaatkan model yang telah dilatih sebelumnya. (1) artinya kita melatih model sebanyak satu epoch.
        <blockquote>
          <p>Catatan singkat: (Fine-tuning: Teknik Transfer Learning di mana parameter model yang telah dilatih sebelumnya diperbarui dengan pelatihan untuk periode tambahan menggunakan tugas yang berbeda dengan yang digunakan untuk pra-pelatihan).</p>
        </blockquote>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">learn.path = Path('.')</code> dan <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">learn.export()</code>: mengatur lokasi dan menyimpan model yang telah dilatih.</li>
</ul>

<h2 id="mari-kita-mulai-mempersiapkan-gradio">Mari kita mulai mempersiapkan Gradio</h2>
<p><strong>Langkah pertama</strong>: Load model yang telah dilatih dan buat fungsi untuk prediksi.</p>

<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">learn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">load_learner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">export.pkl</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dls</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vocab</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PILImage</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">pred_idx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">probs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="nf">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">probs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nf">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">))}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p><strong>Langkah kedua</strong>: Anda persiapkan Gradio untuk interface web dengan mengikuti kode dibawah dan jalankan di lokal komputer anda.</p>

<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">gradio</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">gr</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Image</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">"</span><span class="s">pil</span><span class="sh">"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="c1">#gr.inputs.Image(shape=(192, 192))
</span><span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_top_classes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="c1">#gr.outputs.Label()
</span><span class="n">gr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Interface</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inputs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outputs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">launch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">share</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>Dalam hal ini Saya menggunakan Jupyter Lab, berikut tangkapan layar hasil setelah saya menjalankan di komputer lokal saya.</p>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/localgradio.png" alt="Localgradio" loading="lazy" /></p>

<h2 id="mari-kita-mulai-melakukan-deployment-model-ke-hugging-face">Mari kita mulai melakukan deployment model ke Hugging Face</h2>

<p>Langkah anda untuk Deploy model ke Hugging face:</p>

<ul>
  <li>Langkah Pertama: anda perlu membuat akun di <a href="https://huggingface.co/">[5]</a>.</li>
  <li>Langkah kedua: Setelah akun dibuat, silahkan login kemudian anda dapat membuat new space:</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/newspace.png" alt="spacegradio" loading="lazy" />
<img src="/assets/images/blog/newspace1.png" alt="spacegradio1" class="img-center" loading="lazy" /></p>

<ul>
  <li>Langkah Ketiga: Clone repository space yang dibuat (kita remote melalui directory lokal komputer) dengan menjalankan <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">git clone https://huggingface.co/spaces/WahyuLab/recognize</code></li>
  <li>Langkah Keempat: Setelah di Clone, silahkan tambahkan <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">4 file</code> di dalam direktori yang telah di clone: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">app.py, requirements.txt, export.pkl, dan cat.jpg</code>:</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/dir.png" alt="spacegradio2" class="img-center" loading="lazy" /></p>

<p>Berikut untuk detail isi filenya:
File app.py:</p>
<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">gradio</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">gr</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="n">fastai.vision.all</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">skimage</span>

<span class="n">learn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">load_learner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">export.pkl</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dls</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vocab</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PILImage</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">pred_idx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">probs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">learn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="nf">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">probs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nf">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">))}</span>

<span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sh">"</span><span class="s">Pengenalan Ras Hewan Peliharaan Kucing dan Anjing</span><span class="sh">"</span>
<span class="n">description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sh">"</span><span class="s">Selamat Datang di Aplikasi Pengklasifikasi ras Hewan Peliharaan yang di training pada kumpulan data Oxford Pets dengan Fastai :D</span><span class="sh">"</span>
<span class="n">article</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">"</span><span class="s">&lt;p style=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">text-align: center</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">&gt;&lt;a href=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/deployment-model-fastai-gradio-huggingface/</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s"> target=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">_blank</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">&gt;Blog post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</span><span class="sh">"</span>
<span class="n">examples</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">cat.jpg</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">]</span>

<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Image</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">"</span><span class="s">pil</span><span class="sh">"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="c1">#gr.inputs.Image(shape=(192, 192))
</span><span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_top_classes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="c1">#gr.outputs.Label()
</span>
<span class="n">gr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Interface</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span>
             <span class="n">outputs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">,</span>
             <span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">article</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">article</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">examples</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">launch</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>File requirements.txt:</p>
<div class="language-text highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>fastai
scikit-image
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Kemudian silahkan tambahkan File export.pkl dan satu contoh gambar dengan nama cat.jpg</p>

<ul>
  <li>Langkah Kelima: Push ke-empat file ke repository gradio:</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/file.png" alt="spacegradio" loading="lazy" /></p>
<blockquote>
  <p>Catatan: File model export.pkl terlalu besar untuk ditangani oleh git. Jadi anda perlu menggunakan git-lfs (harus Anda instal terlebih dahulu). Disini saya menggunakan WSL dalam proses installasinya dengan menjalankan apt-get install git-lfs. Setelah anda berhasil melakukan installasi silahkan push ke direktori hingga muncul seperti gambar di atas pada huggingspace dengan menjalankan command berikut:</p>
</blockquote>

<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c"># Langkah pertama:</span>
git lfs <span class="nb">install
</span>git lfs track <span class="s2">"*.pkl"</span>
git add .gitattributes
git commit <span class="nt">-m</span> <span class="s2">"update .gitattributes jadi git lfs akan melacak .pkl files"</span>
<span class="c"># Langkah kedua: push ke Space:</span>
git commit <span class="nt">-am</span> <span class="s2">"mari kita terapkan ke huggingface spaces"</span>
git push
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Setelah proses di atas Anda ikuti, Anda dapat menunggu huggingspaces melakukan build, Anda dapat memeriksanya di bagian logs (tunggu hingga status  menjadi running).</p>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/running.png" alt="spacegradio" loading="lazy" /></p>

<p>Hasil Deployment model deep leaning: Anda dapat memerika hasilnya, Jika berhasil, dan berikut contoh tangkapan layar implementasinya:</p>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/deployment1.png" alt="spacegradio" loading="lazy" /></p>

<p><img src="/assets/images/blog/deployment2.png" alt="spacegradio" loading="lazy" /></p>

<p>Hasil dari blog ini anda dapat memeriksanya dengan mengikuti link <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/WahyuLab/recognize">ini</a></p>]]></content><author><name>Wahyu Pebrianto</name></author><category term="Deep Learning" /><category term="deployment" /><category term="fastai" /><category term="gradio" /><category term="hugging-face" /><summary type="html"><![CDATA[Panduan singkat untuk melakukan deployment model deep learning dengan fastAI dan Gradio di Hugging Face, dari pelatihan model hingga aplikasi web yang berjalan di produksi.]]></summary></entry><entry xml:lang="id"><title type="html">Dataset Gambar Populer untuk Tolak Ukur Riset Pengenalan dan Deteksi Objek</title><link href="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/dataset-gambar-populer/" rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Dataset Gambar Populer untuk Tolak Ukur Riset Pengenalan dan Deteksi Objek" /><published>2022-11-15T00:00:00+07:00</published><updated>2022-11-15T00:00:00+07:00</updated><id>https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/dataset-gambar-populer</id><content type="html" xml:base="https://wahyupebrianto.github.io/id/blog/dataset-gambar-populer/"><![CDATA[<h2 id="1-background">1. Background</h2>

<p><em>Object recognition</em> dan <em>object detection</em> merupakan dua permasalahan fundamental dalam bidang <em>computer vision</em>. <em>Object recognition</em> bertujuan untuk menentukan apakah suatu objek dalam citra termasuk ke dalam <em>class</em> tertentu, sedangkan <em>object detection</em> tidak hanya mengklasifikasikan objek, tetapi juga menentukan lokasi objek tersebut di dalam citra. Lokasi objek umumnya direpresentasikan dalam bentuk <em>bounding box</em>.</p>

<p>Penggunaan dataset yang menantang sebagai <em>benchmark</em> memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam penelitian <em>computer vision</em>. Dataset benchmark memungkinkan adanya perbandingan yang adil dan terstandarisasi antara berbagai algoritma, sekaligus menetapkan target performa yang jelas bagi metode-metode baru <a href="#ref-1">[1]</a>. Tanpa adanya dataset benchmark yang disepakati bersama, evaluasi kinerja suatu metode akan sulit direproduksi dan kurang bermakna secara ilmiah.</p>

<p>Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, dataset umum (<em>general-purpose datasets</em>) untuk <em>object detection</em> seperti <strong>PASCAL VOC</strong>, <strong>MS COCO</strong>, dan <strong>ImageNet</strong> telah menjadi arus utama (<em>mainstream</em>) dalam penelitian <em>object detection</em> dan <em>object recognition</em>. Dataset-dataset ini tidak hanya menyediakan jumlah citra yang besar, tetapi juga anotasi yang kaya dan beragam, sehingga mampu merepresentasikan kompleksitas dunia nyata secara lebih baik.</p>

<p><img src="/assets/images/localization_dan_recognition.png" alt="Ilustrasi localization dan recognition" class="img-center" loading="lazy" /></p>

<blockquote>
  <p><strong>Gambar 1.</strong> Ilustrasi <em>localization</em> dan <em>recognition</em> objek menggunakan <em>bounding box</em>.</p>
</blockquote>

<hr />

<h2 id="2-dataset">2. Dataset</h2>

<h3 id="a-pascal-visual-object-classes-voc">A. PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC)</h3>

<p><strong>Background</strong>
PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) dataset merupakan salah satu dataset benchmark paling awal dan paling berpengaruh dalam penelitian <em>object detection</em> dan <em>object recognition</em>. Dataset ini dikembangkan melalui serangkaian tantangan (<em>challenges</em>) yang diselenggarakan secara tahunan dari tahun 2005 hingga 2012 <a href="#ref-1">[1]</a>.</p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>VOC 2005</strong>: memperkenalkan 4 <em>object classes</em> dan menjadi fondasi awal tantangan PASCAL.</li>
  <li><strong>VOC 2007</strong>: salah satu versi yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai benchmark standar, dengan sekitar 5.000 citra untuk <em>training</em> dan lebih dari 12.000 objek beranotasi.</li>
  <li><strong>VOC 2012</strong>: versi terakhir, dengan sekitar 11.000 citra <em>training</em> dan lebih dari 27.000 objek beranotasi.</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Task</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Image classification</li>
  <li>Object detection</li>
  <li>Semantic segmentation</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Classes</strong>
Dataset ini terdiri dari <strong>20 object categories</strong>.</p>

<p><strong>Pembagian Dataset (VOC 2007)</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>Train</strong>: 2.501 citra, 6.301 objek</li>
  <li><strong>Validation</strong>: 2.510 citra, 6.307 objek</li>
  <li><strong>Train-val</strong>: 5.011 citra, 12.608 objek</li>
  <li><strong>Test</strong>: 4.952 citra, 12.032 objek</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="/assets/images/dataset_VOC_2007.png" alt="Contoh dataset VOC2007" class="img-center" loading="lazy" /></p>

<blockquote>
  <p><strong>Gambar 2.</strong> Contoh anotasi dataset VOC 2007 untuk masing-masing dari 20 <em>class</em>.</p>
</blockquote>

<hr />

<h3 id="b-ms-coco-dataset">B. MS COCO Dataset</h3>

<p><strong>Background</strong>
Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MS COCO) dataset dirancang untuk mendeteksi dan melakukan segmentasi objek-objek yang sering dijumpai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, dengan konteks lingkungan yang alami (<em>in context</em>) <a href="#ref-2">[2]</a>. Dataset ini menargetkan skenario dunia nyata dengan banyak objek kecil, tumpang tindih (<em>overlapping</em>), dan latar belakang yang kompleks.</p>

<p><strong>Task</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Object detection</li>
  <li>Instance segmentation</li>
  <li>Keypoint detection</li>
  <li>Image captioning</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Classes</strong>
Dataset ini mencakup <strong>80 object categories</strong>.</p>

<p><strong>Jumlah Data</strong>
Total dataset MS COCO terdiri dari sekitar <strong>328.000 citra</strong>.</p>

<p><strong>Detail Rilis Dataset</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>COCO 2014</strong>: Training 82.783, Validation 40.504, Test 40.775</li>
  <li><strong>COCO 2015</strong>: Training 165.482, Validation 81.208, Test 81.434</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="/assets/images/MS_COCO_dataset.png" alt="Contoh dataset MS COCO" class="img-center" loading="lazy" /></p>

<blockquote>
  <p><strong>Gambar 3.</strong> Contoh citra dan anotasi pada MS COCO dataset.</p>
</blockquote>

<hr />

<h3 id="c-imagenet-dataset">C. ImageNet Dataset</h3>

<p><strong>Background</strong>
ImageNet merupakan dataset berskala sangat besar yang dirancang untuk mendorong kemajuan dalam <em>visual recognition</em> melalui <strong>ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC)</strong> <a href="#ref-3">[3]</a>. Dataset ini disusun berdasarkan struktur <em>WordNet</em> dan mencakup ribuan <em>object categories</em>.</p>

<p><strong>Task</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Image classification</li>
  <li>Object localization</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Classes</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Lebih dari <strong>20.000 categories</strong> secara keseluruhan</li>
  <li><strong>1.000 object classes</strong> pada subset ILSVRC</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Detail Dataset</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>±1,2 juta citra <em>training</em></li>
  <li>50.000 citra <em>validation</em></li>
  <li>100.000 citra <em>test</em></li>
</ul>

<p>ImageNet berperan penting dalam mendorong perkembangan <em>deep learning</em>, khususnya <em>convolutional neural networks (CNN)</em>, dan sering digunakan sebagai dataset <em>pretraining</em>.</p>

<hr />

<h3 id="d-open-images-dataset">D. Open Images Dataset</h3>

<p><strong>Background</strong>
Open Images Dataset dikembangkan oleh Google untuk menyediakan dataset berskala besar dengan anotasi yang kaya, mencakup <em>image-level labels</em>, <em>bounding boxes</em>, dan <em>visual relationships</em> <a href="#ref-4">[4]</a>.</p>

<p><strong>Task</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Image classification</li>
  <li>Object detection</li>
  <li>Visual relationship detection</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Classes</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Lebih dari <strong>600 object classes</strong> untuk <em>object detection</em></li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Detail Dataset</strong>
Dataset ini mencakup jutaan citra dengan anotasi <em>bounding box</em> dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, sehingga sangat relevan untuk riset <em>object detection</em> skala besar.</p>

<hr />

<h3 id="e-cifar-10-dataset">E. CIFAR-10 Dataset</h3>

<p><strong>Background</strong>
CIFAR-10 merupakan dataset klasik yang banyak digunakan dalam penelitian awal <em>image classification</em> <a href="#ref-5">[5]</a>. Dataset ini sering dijadikan baseline untuk evaluasi arsitektur dan algoritma baru.</p>

<p><strong>Task</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Image classification</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Classes</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>10 object classes</strong></li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Detail Dataset</strong></p>

<ul>
  <li>Total 60.000 citra berwarna</li>
  <li>Ukuran citra: 32 × 32 piksel</li>
  <li>Training: 50.000 citra</li>
  <li>Test: 10.000 citra</li>
</ul>

<hr />

<h2 id="3-penutup">3. Penutup</h2>

<p>Dataset benchmark memainkan peran krusial dalam perkembangan riset <em>object recognition</em> dan <em>object detection</em>. PASCAL VOC menyediakan fondasi evaluasi terstandarisasi, MS COCO menawarkan skenario dunia nyata yang kompleks, ImageNet mendorong pembelajaran representasi visual skala besar, Open Images menghadirkan anotasi yang sangat kaya, dan CIFAR-10 menjadi benchmark klasik untuk evaluasi awal. Pemilihan dataset yang tepat sangat bergantung pada tujuan riset dan kompleksitas task yang ingin diselesaikan.</p>

<hr />

<h2 id="referensi">Referensi</h2>

<p><a id="ref-1"></a>
<strong>[1]</strong> M. Everingham, L. Van Gool, C. K. I. Williams, J. Winn, and A. Zisserman, “The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) Challenge,” <em>International Journal of Computer Vision</em>, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 303–338, 2010.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-2"></a>
<strong>[2]</strong> T.-Y. Lin <em>et al.</em>, “Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context,” in <em>Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)</em>, 2014.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-3"></a>
<strong>[3]</strong> J. Deng <em>et al.</em>, “ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database,” in <em>Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)</em>, 2009.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848">https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-4"></a>
<strong>[4]</strong> A. Kuznetsova <em>et al.</em>, “The Open Images Dataset V4: Unified Image Classification, Object Detection, and Visual Relationship Detection at Scale,” <em>International Journal of Computer Vision</em>, vol. 128, pp. 1956–1981, 2020.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-020-01316-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-020-01316-z</a></p>

<p><a id="ref-5"></a>
<strong>[5]</strong> A. Krizhevsky, “Learning Multiple Layers of Features from Tiny Images,” Technical Report, University of Toronto, 2009.
[Online]. Available: <a href="https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html">https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html</a></p>]]></content><author><name>Wahyu Pebrianto</name></author><category term="Computer Vision" /><category term="dataset" /><category term="benchmark" /><category term="object-detection" /><category term="object-recognition" /><summary type="html"><![CDATA[Artikel ini membahas dataset gambar populer yang umum digunakan sebagai benchmark dalam riset object recognition dan object detection, termasuk PASCAL VOC, MS COCO, ImageNet, Open Images, dan CIFAR-10, beserta karakteristik dan perannya dalam penelitian computer vision.]]></summary></entry></feed>